{"id":52,"date":"2014-08-28T00:00:49","date_gmt":"2014-08-28T04:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/nonsolumdata.com\/?p=52"},"modified":"2014-08-28T00:00:49","modified_gmt":"2014-08-28T04:00:49","slug":"piaac-measuring-adult-literacy-and-skills","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/nonsolumdata.com\/blog\/en\/2014\/08\/piaac-measuring-adult-literacy-and-skills\/","title":{"rendered":"PIAAC: Measuring adult literacy and skills"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"#fromIJHS\">See <em>note<\/em> below for original citation<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (<abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr>) \u2013 the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (<abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> ) also calls it the Survey of Adult Skills \u2013 is an international effort to assess human skills and further develop our understanding of human capital. It started in 2012 in 22 countries (listed below) and coordinated by the <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr>. The list of participating countries will be extended to new participants during this decennial as new rounds of the <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> assessment are being implemented (participants of the second round of <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> are also listed).<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"jetpack-video-wrapper\"><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"685\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/XvCLXPDvPCM?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/div><br \/>\nIntro video from the <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> | <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/site\/piaac\/\">http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/site\/piaac\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Following in the footsteps of the International Adult Literacy Survey (<abbr title=\"International Adult Literacy Survey\">IALS<\/abbr> \u2013 1994) and the Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey (<abbr title=\"Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey\">ALL<\/abbr> \u2013 2003), <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> (2012) proposes to measure skill levels in a technology-rich environment (shortened to <abbr title=\"technology-rich environment\">TRE<\/abbr>) and to compare them across many <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> countries. With a wealth of common socio-economic indicators, <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> opens the door for extensive comparative research on education and its social outcomes (also read <a title=\"Education and Health: Building Indicators in International Comparison\" href=\"http:\/\/ijhs2.deonandan.com\/wordpress\/archives\/1754\" target=\"_blank\">Education and Health: building indicators in international comparison<\/a>, RISS \u2013 IJHS, <em>4<\/em>(1)), <strong>which is extremely useful for further research on the determinants of health<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Surveys like <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> , which include psychometric elements, are complex to develop. To appropriately measure one\u2019s skills, these tests must minimize any variable that would affect the performance of the interviewees. Tests, taken in person in the home environment, require a continued effort for an extended period of time, hence have to account for tiredness and boredom \u2013 variables we wish to exclude from the skills assessment as they may alter an individual\u2019s performance. Other indicators are in place at the time of the assessment to keep record of the conditions of the test (length of time per item, overall duration of the test, presence of relatives or children).<\/p>\n<p>Two elements compose the <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> survey:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A <strong>background questionnaire<\/strong> with a common core for all countries (to standardize socio-economic characteristics of individuals) and a limited set of questions established by each country.<\/li>\n<li>Three<strong> psychometric tests<\/strong> with sets of \u201citems\u201d that will serve to establish a score for (1) literacy skills, (2) numeracy skills and (3) problem-solving skills in <abbr title=\"technology-rich environment\">TRE<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The whole survey and its various components were developed under the leadership of <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ets.org\/\">Education Testing Services<\/a> (<abbr title=\"Education Testing Services\">ETS<\/abbr>), an American-based company that built its experience with the previous national and international surveys (<abbr title=\"International Adult Literacy Survey\">IALS<\/abbr> &amp; <abbr title=\"Adult Literacy and Lifeskills Survey\">ALL<\/abbr>), and the Graduate Record Examination (<abbr title=\"Graduate Record Examination\">GRE<\/abbr>) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (<abbr title=\"Test of English as a Foreign Language\">TOEFL<\/abbr>). These psychometric items remain the intellectual property of <abbr title=\"Education Testing Services\">ETS<\/abbr> and may only be consulted or used with their permission. <abbr title=\"Education Testing Services\">ETS<\/abbr> always welcomes researchers to submit their project. Funding may also be available to expand the use and reach of the programme\u2019s database.<\/p>\n<p>In most countries, national agencies and ministries were responsible for the implementation of <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr>: from sampling to collection and presentation of data. Some countries resorted to private firms (ex: Singapore). Each country was also able to add their own (limited) set of questions to the background questionnaire, in the perspective of further national work on adult skills. This extra set of data may be available for research use through each national agency or ministry.<\/p>\n<h2>Assessment design<\/h2>\n<p>To limit the duration of the test, each individual would only be tested on two of the three type of skills: one would not be tested on her\/his literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills (as shown in Figure 1). This scheme allows interviewers to alleviate some of the mental stress put upon the interviewees and, presumably, test more accurately individual skills.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ijhs2.deonandan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/2014-08-27-de-Broucker-figure-1-EN1.png\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-1990\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/ijhs2.deonandan.com\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/08\/2014-08-27-de-Broucker-figure-1-EN1.png?resize=685%2C457\" alt=\"2014-08-27 de Broucker - figure 1 (EN)\" width=\"685\" height=\"457\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>: Generally, seven possibilities to do the <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> assessment (computer-based). The psychometric tests are colored in yellow. Individuals who declare very little or no computer experience in the Background Questionnaire are tested on their literacy and numeracy skills but not on their problem-solving skills in <abbr title=\"technology-rich environment\">TRE<\/abbr>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Yet, to preserve the comprehensiveness of such skills assessment and allow for comparison, a set of <strong>10 plausible values<\/strong> would act for the missing empirical data in further analysis. The plausible values for one type of skills are chosen randomly within a range determined by (1) the score obtained in the two other tested skills for each individual and by (2) the scores of other individuals obtaining similar scores in the common area of testing (literacy, numeracy or problem-solving). The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/4228.0Appendix202011-2012\">Australian Bureau of Statistics<\/a> offers more information on the making and use of these plausible values.<\/p>\n<p>It is also important to note that, when comparing between countries, the sample in each national dataset is further weighted to their respective population. Researchers often use Canada as a point of reference for accurate data, in consideration of the fact that it has the largest national sample \u2013 it was built to provide analytically significant estimate at the provincial\/territorial level and for specific sub-populations. This allows for precise global estimates of literacy, numeracy and problem-solving levels and for better comparison.<\/p>\n<h2>Accessing and analyzing <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> data<\/h2>\n<p><abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> data are publicly available either through the <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> online software (the International Data Explorer) or by downloading Public User Data Files (<abbr title=\"Public User Data Files\">PUF<\/abbr>). <abbr title=\"Public User Data Files\">PUF<\/abbr> are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/site\/piaac\/publicdataandanalysis.htm\">available for download<\/a> for every participating country (except Australia*) and can be analyzed with SPSS, SAS, Excel or STATA. Data compendia and instructions are also presented.<\/p>\n<p><em>*Access to Australian <abbr title=\"Public User Data Files\">PUF<\/abbr> may be <\/em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/4228.0.30.001Main+Features102011-2012\"><em>requested<\/em><\/a><em> through the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian data are available in the <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> online software.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Software developed by stakeholders of <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> such as the <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> and the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iea-dpc.de\/studies\/current-studies\/piaac.html\">International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement<\/a> (<abbr title=\"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement\">IEA<\/abbr>) were made to guide analysts in the computation of <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> results. They process the plausible values and sample weights automatically, which makes them very useful for quicker access to compiled <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> data.<\/p>\n<p>For data visualization and analysis:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> developed the <a href=\"http:\/\/piaacdataexplorer.oecd.org\/ide\/idepiaac\/\">International Data Explorer<\/a> (PIAAC <abbr title=\"International Data Explorer\">IDE<\/abbr>), an online software. Cyprus data are not available through the PIAAC <abbr title=\"International Data Explorer\">IDE<\/abbr>.<\/li>\n<li>The <abbr title=\"International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement\">IEA<\/abbr> developed the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iea.nl\/data.html\">International Database (<abbr title=\"International Database\">IDB<\/abbr>) Analyzer<\/a>, available for download. Because the <abbr title=\"International Database\">IDB<\/abbr> Analyzer uses <abbr title=\"Public User Data Files\">PUF<\/abbr>, Australian data are not be available for this software.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both software are publicly available.<\/p>\n<h2>Quick useful resources<\/h2>\n<p><abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCvb-TUi8wAHgSdTXLjZ0I4Q\">YouTube channel<\/a>, including an <a href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/s3P1MaaQ3vY\">Overview of PIAAC<\/a> by Irwin Kirsch (<abbr title=\"Education Testing Services\">ETS<\/abbr>) and <a href=\"http:\/\/youtu.be\/UgRwgFD-Ynk\">some results for the USA<\/a> (published in 2013).<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.oecd.org\/site\/piaac\/\"><abbr title=\"Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development\">OECD<\/abbr> website<\/a> also lists a handful of resources and links for interested data analysts.<\/p>\n<p>The Canadian report on <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statcan.gc.ca\/daily-quotidien\/131008\/dq131008b-eng.htm\">Skills in Canada: First results from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, 2012 (final)<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/02601370.2014.894180\">Skills assessment, PIAAC and the adult literacy agenda<\/a>\u201d was published in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Lifelong Education (Volume 33, Issue 2) in 2014.<\/p>\n<p><em>Feel free to leave a comment below if you want to recommend resources about <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> available at your organization.<\/em><\/p>\n<h2>National agency or ministry<\/h2>\n<p><em>Please note that the agencies\u2019 website are not necessarily available in English. As much as possible, the English name of the institution is listed here whenever provided by the institution itself. Italicized countries participate to the second round of <abbr title=\"Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies\">PIAAC<\/abbr> assessment.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Australia: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/ausstats\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/4228.0main+features992011-2012\">Australian Bureau of Statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Austria: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.statistik.at\/web_de\/statistiken\/bildung_und_kultur\/piaac\/index.html\">Statistik Austria<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Belgium (Flanders): <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.ugent.be\/\">Universiteit Gent<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Canada: <a href=\"http:\/\/www23.statcan.gc.ca\/imdb\/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&amp;SDDS=4406&amp;lang=en&amp;db=imdb&amp;adm=8&amp;dis=2\">Statistics Canada<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.ca\/\">Council of Ministers of Eduction, Canada<\/a> (CMEC)<\/li>\n<li><em>Chile (assessment taking place in June-November 2014)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.cl\/\">Centro de Medici\u00f3n de la Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile (MIDE UC)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Cyprus: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pi.ac.cy\/pi\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=426&amp;Itemid=299&amp;lang=en\">Centre of Educational Research and Evaluation<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Czech Republic: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.cz\/\">Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum dosp\u011bl\u00fdch<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Denmark: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sfi.dk\/Default.aspx?ID=7149\">SFI &#8211; Det Nationale Forskningscenter for Velf\u00e6rd<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Estonia: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hm.ee\/et\/tegevused\/uuringud-ja-statistika\/piaac\">Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Finland: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stat.fi\/tup\/htpalvelut\/piaac_en.html\">Statistics Finland<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jyu.fi\/en\/news\/archive\/2013\/10\/tiedote-2013-10-08-14-45-39-110708\">University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4<\/a> and the Finnish Institute for Educational Research<\/li>\n<li>France: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.insee.fr\/fr\/themes\/document.asp?ref_id=ip1467\">Institut national de la statistique et des \u00e9tudes \u00e9conomiques<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Germany: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.die-bonn.de\/cill\/\">Deutsche Institut f\u00fcr Erwachsenenbildung<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Greece (assessment taking place from April 2013 to May 2016)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eoppep.gr\/index.php\/en\/component\/content\/article\/2-uncategorised\/278-piaac\">National Organisation for the Certification of Qualifications &amp; Vocational Guidance (EOPPEP)<\/a> (Greece\u2019s PIAAC website: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.gr\/\">http:\/\/www.piaac.gr<\/a> )<\/li>\n<li><em>Indonesia (assessment expected during the second round or PIAAC, between 2012 and 2016)<\/em>: not found, unfortunately.<\/li>\n<li>Ireland: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cso.ie\/en\/surveysandmethodology\/education\/piaac\/piaac-aboutus\/\">Central Statistics Office<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Israel (assessment expected during the second round or PIAAC, between 2012 and 2016)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbs.gov.il\/meyumanuyot\/sekermeyumanuyot_h.htm\">Central Bureau of Statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Italy: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.isfol.it\/piaac\/en\">Istituto per lo sviluppo della formazione professionale dei lavoratori<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Japan: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nier.go.jp\/English\/departments\/piaac.html\">National Institute for Educational Policy Research (Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Lithuania (assessment expected during the second round or PIAAC, between 2012 and 2016)<\/em>: not found, unfortunately.<\/li>\n<li>South Korea: <a href=\"http:\/\/piaackorea.krivet.re.kr\/\">Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training (KRIVET)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Netherland: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.piaac.nl\/\">Expertisecentrum Beroepsonderwijs (ecbo)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>New-Zealand (assessment taking place in April-December 2014)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrb.co.nz\/ISAS.php\">National Research Bureau<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Norway: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ssb.no\/en\/utdanning\/statistikker\/piaac\/hvert-10-aar\/2013-10-08\">Statistics Norway<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Poland: <a href=\"http:\/\/eduentuzjasci.pl\/en\/en-badania-naukowe\/120-english-categories\/research\/530-programme-for-the-international-assessment-of-adult-competencies-piaac.html\">Educational Research Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Russian Federation: <a href=\"http:\/\/iro.hse.ru\/en\/projects\/26406009\">Institute for Educational Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Singapore (assessment taking place in April-December 2014)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ial.edu.sg\/index.aspx?id=542\">Institute for Adult Learning<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Slovak Republic: <a href=\"http:\/\/nuczv.sk\/piacc\/co-je-piaac\/\">N\u00e1rodn\u00fd \u00fastav celo\u017eivotn\u00e9ho vzdel\u00e1vania<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Slovenia (assessment taking place between January 2013 and June 2015)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.acs.si\/piaac\">Slovenian Institute for Adult Education<\/a>; their dedicated website for PIAAC is <a href=\"http:\/\/piaac.acs.si\/\">http:\/\/piaac.acs.si<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Spain: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ine.es\/ss\/Satellite?L=en_GB&amp;c=TFichaPROG_C&amp;cid=1259932885692&amp;p=1254735038419&amp;pagename=IOEhist%2FIOEhistLayout&amp;param1=2011\">National Statistics Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Sweden: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scb.se\/en_\/Finding-statistics\/Statistics-by-subject-area\/Education-and-research\/Education-of-the-population\/Programme-for-the-International-Assessment-of-Adult-Competencies\/Aktuell-pong\/356644\/Behallare-for-Press\/PIAAC---Programme-for-the-International-Assessment-of-Adult-Competencies\/\">Statistics Sweden<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em>Turkey (assessment expected during the second round or PIAAC, between 2012 and 2016)<\/em>: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ikg.gov.tr\/en-us\/piaac.aspx\">Ministry of Labour and Social Security<\/a><\/li>\n<li>United Kingdom (England and Northern Ireland): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/international-survey-of-adult-skills-2012\">Department for Business, Innovation &amp; Skills<\/a><\/li>\n<li>United States: <a href=\"http:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/surveys\/piaac\/\">National Center for Education Statistics<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Should you see any mistake in this list, please do not hesitate to leave a comment below: I will be notified automatically.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>The globe in the featured image (top) was taken from <a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File%3AGlobe_centered_in_Cape_Verde_(green_and_grey_globe_scheme).svg\" target=\"_blank\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a> under the <a class=\"extiw\" title=\"w:en:Creative Commons\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/en:Creative_Commons\">Creative Commons<\/a> <a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/deed.en\" rel=\"nofollow\">Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported<\/a> license.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"fromIJHS\"><\/a><strong>Note<\/strong>: I published this article in the blog of the Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences, an open-access academic journal of the University of Ottawa. To cite this article, please use the original reference:<\/p>\n<p>de Broucker, Gatien. (August 27, 2014). Introduction to PIAAC \u2013 measuring adult literacy and skills [blog]. <em>Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences<\/em>. Retrieved from: <a class=\"twitter-timeline-link\" dir=\"ltr\" title=\"http:\/\/wp.me\/p4bYxR-pX\" href=\"http:\/\/t.co\/ApRaYlT2VK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" data-expanded-url=\"http:\/\/wp.me\/p4bYxR-pX\"><span class=\"js-display-url\">http:\/\/wp.me\/p4bYxR-pX<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>See note below for original citation The Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) \u2013 the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD ) also calls it the Survey of Adult Skills \u2013 is an international effort to assess human skills and further develop our understanding of human capital. It started in 2012 in &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/nonsolumdata.com\/blog\/en\/2014\/08\/piaac-measuring-adult-literacy-and-skills\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PIAAC: Measuring adult literacy and skills<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":123,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"PIAAC: Measuring adult literacy and 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